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Author : Robert David Arthur
Release : 1970
Genre :
Kind : eBook
Book Rating : /5 ( reviews)
Book Synopsis Metabolic Pathways of Nitrogen Metabolism in Rumen Microorganisms by : Robert David Arthur
Download or read book Metabolic Pathways of Nitrogen Metabolism in Rumen Microorganisms written by Robert David Arthur. This book was released on 1970. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Emilio M. Ungerfeld
Release : 2018-03-13
Genre :
Kind : eBook
Book Rating : 266/5 ( reviews)
Book Synopsis Engineering Rumen Metabolic Pathways: Where We Are, and Where Are We Heading by : Emilio M. Ungerfeld
Download or read book Engineering Rumen Metabolic Pathways: Where We Are, and Where Are We Heading written by Emilio M. Ungerfeld. This book was released on 2018-03-13. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ruminants were domesticated in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago and have since become an inseparable part of human diet, society, and culture. Ruminants can transform inedible plant fiber and non-protein nitrogen into meat, milk, wool and traction, thus allowing human utilization of non-tillable land and industrial by-products. The nutritional flexibility of ruminants is conferred by the rumen´s complex microbial community. Driven by rising income and population growth in emergent economies, the global demand for livestock products, including milk and meat from ruminants, has been increasingly growing, and is predicted to continue growing in the next few decades. The increase in production necessary to satisfy this rising demand is putting much pressure on already dwindling natural resources. There are also concerns about the emissions of methane and nitrous oxide, potent greenhouse gases associated to ruminant production. The need to make ruminant production more efficient in the use of natural resources poses a big challenge to ruminant science, and within it, rumen microbiology. Recent years have seen important advances in basic and applied rumen microbiology and biochemistry. The knowledge generated has significant implications for the efficiency and sustainability of ruminant production and the quality of ruminant products for human health. The present compilation is an update of recent advances in rumen microbiology and ruminant digestion and fermentation, including original research, reviews, and hypothesis and theory articles. We hope that the experimental results, discussion, models and ideas presented herein are useful to foster future research contributing to sustainable ruminant production.
Author : Jong N. Kim
Release : 2010
Genre :
Kind : eBook
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Book Synopsis Genetic and Biochemical Analysis of Nitrogen Metabolism in Ruminal Anaerobic Bacteria: a Comparison Between Ruminococcus Albus 8 and Prevotella Ruminicola 23 by : Jong N. Kim
Download or read book Genetic and Biochemical Analysis of Nitrogen Metabolism in Ruminal Anaerobic Bacteria: a Comparison Between Ruminococcus Albus 8 and Prevotella Ruminicola 23 written by Jong N. Kim. This book was released on 2010. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three different types of GS from P. ruminicola 23 were heterologously expressed in E. coli and characterized. Two different GS type III proteins (GSIII-1; ORFB01459 and GSIII-2; ORFB02034) showed GS biosynthetic activities, while no GSI biosynthetic activity was detected. We have defined the optimal conditions for enzymatic activity and these were found to be consistent with the parameters of the rumen habitat of P. ruminicola 23. Finally, we analyzed the effects on transcription and assayed key enzymatic activities on limiting (0.7 mM) and non-limiting (10 mM) concentrations of ammonia during growth in chemostat culture. These studies revealed an important role for GSIII-2 (ORFB02034) in P. ruminicola 23 when ammonia was excess. Changes in the global gene expression profile of P. ruminicola 23 in response to variations in the available nitrogen source (ammonia or peptides) were analyzed by microarray and related to changes in enzymatic activity and the proteome. In total, 110 genes (3.8% of the genome) were transcriptionally upregulated during growth on ammonia, while 120 genes (4.2 % of the genome) were transcriptionally upregulated during growth on peptides. P. ruminicola 23 grown on ammonia induced genes which are predicted to be involved in amino acid biosynthesis, molecular transport and several that affect the cell envelope. Growth on peptides induced genes whose products are involved in DNA metabolism, protein fate, protein synthesis and transcription. GS-GOGAT (GSIII-2: 22.5, GOGAT large subunit: 26.3, and small subunit: 22.4 fold) pathways was also upregulated when grown on ammonia. The greatest transcriptional up-regulation was observed for the ammonium transporter, amt (47.0 fold) and the nitrogen regulatory protein PII (46.5 fold) during growth with ammonia. In contrast, growth on peptides resulted in the up-regulation of more than 17 ribosomal proteins but no up-regulation of other nitrogen metabolism pathways. Our results provide a whole genome transcriptional overview of the responses by P. ruminicola 23 to two different nitrogen sources and are supported by proteomic and biochemical evidence. Collectively leading to an overall improvement in the understanding of the genetic responses and biochemical pathways used by P. ruminicola 23 to obtain and utilize different nitrogen sources. The response of P. ruminicola 23 to growth-limiting or non-limiting concentrations of ammonia were analyzed by microarray and related to changes in enzymatic activity. The results demonstrated dramatic changes in gene expression and enzymatic activity between the two conditions. In total, 166 genes (5.8% of the genome) were transcriptionally upregulated during growth on non-limiting concentration of ammonia, while 287 genes (10.0% of the genome) transcriptionally upregulated during growth on limiting concentration of ammonia. Specifically, growth in non-limiting concentrations of ammonia induced genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis, while ammonia limiting conditions caused the induction of genes involved in DNA metabolism, protein fate and the manipulation of the cell envelope. Links were observed between carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism, such as between the reverse TCA cycle and glutamate biosynthesis during growth on non-limiting concentration of ammonia. Interestingly, P. ruminicola 23 grown on ammonia showed that ammonia assimilation pathways of NADPH-GDH and GS-GOGAT are major metabolic pathways on non-limiting concentration of ammonia. Especially, GSIII-2 and the ammonium transporter were significantly up-regulated on ammonia and these gene expression results reflected the enzyme assay results. Our studies provide a more detailed understanding of the genetic and enzymatic regulatory mechanisms of nitrogen metabolism undertaken by R. albus 8, a key fiber degrading ruminal Firmicute, and P. ruminicola 23, a predominant ruminal organism important in hemicellulose and protein metabolism.
Author : Anil Kumar Puniya
Release : 2015-07-11
Genre : Science
Kind : eBook
Book Rating : 019/5 ( reviews)
Book Synopsis Rumen Microbiology: From Evolution to Revolution by : Anil Kumar Puniya
Download or read book Rumen Microbiology: From Evolution to Revolution written by Anil Kumar Puniya. This book was released on 2015-07-11. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers an in-depth description of different groups of microbes (i.e. bacteria, protozoa, fungi and viruses) that exist in the rumen microbial community, and offers an overview of rumen microbiology, the rumen microbial ecosystem of domesticated ruminants, and rumen microbial diversity. It provides the latest concepts on rumen microbiology for scholars, researchers and teachers of animal and veterinary sciences. With this goal in mind, throughout the text we focus on specific areas related to the biology and complex interactions of the microbes in rumen, integrating significant key issues in each respective area. We also discuss rumen manipulation with plant secondary metabolites, microbial feed additives, utilization of organic acids, selective inhibition of harmful rumen microbes, and ‘omics’ approaches to manipulating rumen microbial functions. A section on the exploration and exploitation of rumen microbes addresses topics including the current state of knowledge on rumen metagenomics, rumen: an underutilized niche for industrially important enzymes and ruminal fermentations to produce fuels. We next turn our attention to commercial applications of rumen microbial enzymes and to the molecular characterization of euryarcheal communities within an anaerobic digester. A section on intestinal disorders and rumen microbes covers acidosis in cattle, urea/ ammonia metabolism in the rumen and nitrate/ nitrite toxicity in ruminant diets. Last, the future prospects of rumen microbiology are examined, based on the latest developments in this area. In summary, the book offers a highly systematic collection of essential content on rumen microbiology.
Author : R.L. Baldwin
Release : 1995-05-31
Genre : Medical
Kind : eBook
Book Rating : 600/5 ( reviews)
Book Synopsis Modeling Ruminant Digestion and Metabolism by : R.L. Baldwin
Download or read book Modeling Ruminant Digestion and Metabolism written by R.L. Baldwin. This book was released on 1995-05-31. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Role of mminants in human food production; Whyan animal scientist would choose to model animal systems; Basic organization of this book; Modeling principIes and terminology; Classification of models; Objectives in modeling; The modeling process I objective statements, block diagrams, equation forms and parameterization; Steps in modeling; Setting the modeling objective; Block diagrams; Formulation of mathematical statements; Development of numerical inputs; The modeling process II - solution algorithms, model evaluations and parameter estimation; Model solution algorithms; Evaluation of management and research models; Evaluation and use of analytical models for parameter estimation; Decision support software; Animal energetic models; Thermodynamic concepts in nutrition; Historical development of bases for feeding system models; Energy requirements for maintenance and production; Equations used to estimate maintenance and costs of production; Components of maintenanace; Protein and amino acid models; Current protein and amino acid systems; Analytic models of amino aicd and protein metabolism; Dynamic modeling; Biology and algebraic models of ruminant digestion; The rumen microbes and their metabolism; Balance models of ruminant digestion; An analytical model of rumen digestion; Microbial growth elements; Biology and algebraic models of growth; Classical equations for growth; Nutritional models of growth; Concepts of lhe basic biology of growth used in mechanistic models; Biology of lactation; Decent evolution of feeding systems for lactating dairy cattle; An analytical model of nutrient transactions during lactation; Dynamic models of ruminant digestion; Early dynamic models; Current dynamic models; Dynamic models of ruminant adipose tissue metabolism; Evolution of steady-state balance model; Radioisotope tracer elemets; Dynamic models of ruminant mammary metabolism; Development of model inputs and initial parameters; Descriptions of a model of mammary gland metabolism; Dynamic models of liver and viscera metabolism; Overall structure and notation; Mechanistic, dynamic models of growth; Beef growth models; Sheep growth and metabolism model; Lactation Background on MOLL Y. CSL; The program MOLL Y. CSL; Evaluation and use of a growth and lactation model; Behavioral analyses; Sensitivity analyses; Bioeconomic analyse.
