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Tritium and Helium-3 in Metals

2013-03-13 Science
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Release : 2013-03-13
Genre : Science
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Book Synopsis Tritium and Helium-3 in Metals by : Rainer Lässer

Download or read book Tritium and Helium-3 in Metals written by Rainer Lässer. This book was released on 2013-03-13. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydrogen can behave as an alkaline metal or a halogen and can react with nearly all elements of the periodic table. This explains the large number of metal hydrides. Since T. Graham's first observation of the absorption of hydrogen in palladium in 1866 the behaviour of hydrogen in metals has been studied very extensively. The interest was motivated by the possible application of metal-hydrogen systems in new technologies (e.g., moderator material in nuclear fission reactors, reversible storage material for thermal energy and large amounts of hydrogen) and by the fact that metal hydrides show very exciting physical properties (e.g., superconductivity, quantum diffusion, order-disorder transitions, phase diagrams, etc.). Many of these properties have been determined for the stable hydrogen isotopes Hand D in various metals. In comparison, very little is known about the behaviour of the ra dioactive isotope tritium in metals. This book is a first attempt to summarize part of the knowledge of tritium gained in the last few years. In addition to the task of presenting the properties of tritium in metals, I have tried to compare these data with those of protium and deuterium. Furthermore, helium-3 is connected inse parably with tritium via the tritium decay. Therefore one chapter of this book is solely devoted to the curious properties of helium in metals caused mainly by its negligible solubility.

Tritium-helium Effects in Metals

1985
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Release : 1985
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Book Synopsis Tritium-helium Effects in Metals by :

Download or read book Tritium-helium Effects in Metals written by . This book was released on 1985. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Investigations of helium effects in metals at the Savannah River Laboratory have been carried out by introducing helium by radioactive decay of tritium. This process does not create concurrent radiation damage, such as accompanies ion implantation and (n, .cap alpha.) reactions. The process has its own peculiarities, however, which partially mask and interact with the helium effect of interest. The distribution and local concentration of helium and tritium, which are responsible for changes in mechanical properties and fracture mode, are controlled by the large difference in solubility and diffusivity between the two atoms and by their differing interaction energies with lattice defects, impurities, and internal boundaries. Furthermore, in all investigations with helium generated from tritium decay, some tritium and deuterium are always present. Consequently, property changes include tritium-helium interaction effects to some extent. Results of investigations with several austenitic stainless steels, Armco iron, and niobium single crystals illustrate the variety of phenomena and some of the complex interactions that can be encountered.

TRITIUM AND DECAY HELIUM EFFECTS ON THE FRACTURE TOUGHNESS PROPERTIES OF STAINLESS STEEL WELDMENTS.

2007
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Release : 2007
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Book Synopsis TRITIUM AND DECAY HELIUM EFFECTS ON THE FRACTURE TOUGHNESS PROPERTIES OF STAINLESS STEEL WELDMENTS. by :

Download or read book TRITIUM AND DECAY HELIUM EFFECTS ON THE FRACTURE TOUGHNESS PROPERTIES OF STAINLESS STEEL WELDMENTS. written by . This book was released on 2007. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: J-Integral fracture toughness tests were conducted on tritium-exposed-and-aged Types 304L and 21-6-9 stainless steel weldments in order to measure the combined effects of tritium and its decay product, helium-3 on the fracture toughness properties. Initially, weldments have fracture toughness values about three times higher than base-metal values. Delta-ferrite phase in the weld microstructure improved toughness provided no tritium was present in the microstructure. After a tritium-exposure-and-aging treatment that resulted in (almost equal to)1400 atomic parts per million (appm) dissolved tritium, both weldments and base metals had their fracture toughness values reduced to about the same level. The tritium effect was greater in weldments (67 % reduction vs. 37% reduction) largely because the ductile discontinuous delta-ferrite interfaces were embrittled by tritium and decay helium. Fracture toughness values decreased for both base metals and weldments with increasing decay helium content in the range tested (50-200 appm).

Radiation Damage in Materials

2020-12-28 Science
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Release : 2020-12-28
Genre : Science
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Book Rating : 62X/5 ( reviews)

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Book Synopsis Radiation Damage in Materials by : Yongqiang Wang

Download or read book Radiation Damage in Materials written by Yongqiang Wang . This book was released on 2020-12-28. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The complexity of radiation damage effects in materials that are used in various irradiation environments stems from the fundamental particle–solid interactions and the subsequent damage recovery dynamics after the collision cascades, which involves multiple length and time scales. Adding to this complexity are the transmuted impurities that are unavoidable from accompanying nuclear processes. Helium is one such impurity that plays an important and unique role in controlling the microstructure and properties of materials used in fast fission reactors, plasma-facing and structural materials in fusion devices, spallation neutron target designs, actinides, tritium-containing materials, and nuclear waste. Their ultra-low solubility in virtually all solids forces He atoms to self-precipitate into small bubbles that become nucleation sites for further void growth under radiation-induced vacancy supersaturations, resulting in material swelling and high-temperature He embrittlement, as well as surface blistering under low-energy and high-flux He bombardment. This Special Issue, “Radiation Damage in Materials—Helium Effects”, contains review articles and full-length papers on new irradiation material research activities and novel material ideas using experimental and/or modeling approaches. These studies elucidate the interactions of helium with various extreme environments and tailored nanostructures, as well as their impact on microstructural evolution and material properties.

Effects of Tritium on Material Properties

1985
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Release : 1985
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Book Synopsis Effects of Tritium on Material Properties by :

Download or read book Effects of Tritium on Material Properties written by . This book was released on 1985. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effecs of tritium on deformation and fracture of metals are reviewed with emphasis on similarities and differences between tritium and the other hydrogen isotopes. Helium generated by radioactive decay of tritium introduces time dependent property changes not observed with protium or deuterium. On-going studies and topics for further investigations are identified. 17 refs., 6 figs., 9 tabs.

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