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Author : Alan L.. Gropman
Release : 1978
Genre :
Kind : eBook
Book Rating : 487/5 ( reviews)
Book Synopsis The Air Force integrates 1945-1964 by : Alan L.. Gropman
Download or read book The Air Force integrates 1945-1964 written by Alan L.. Gropman. This book was released on 1978. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Alan L. Gropman
Release : 2002-02
Genre : History
Kind : eBook
Book Rating : 521/5 ( reviews)
Book Synopsis The Air Force Integrates 1945-1964 by : Alan L. Gropman
Download or read book The Air Force Integrates 1945-1964 written by Alan L. Gropman. This book was released on 2002-02. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Documenting the racial integration of the Air Force from the end of World War II to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, retired Air Force colonel Alan L. Gropman contends that the service desegregated itself not for moral or political reasons but to improve military effectiveness. First published in 1977, this second edition charts policy changes to date. 31 photos.
Author : Alan L. Gropman
Release : 2015-05-12
Genre : History
Kind : eBook
Book Rating : 559/5 ( reviews)
Book Synopsis The Air Force Integrates, 1945-1964, Second Edition by : Alan L. Gropman
Download or read book The Air Force Integrates, 1945-1964, Second Edition written by Alan L. Gropman. This book was released on 2015-05-12. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On April 5, 1945, more than sixty black officers of the U.S. Army Air Forces were arrested for entering a whites-only club at Freeman Field, Indiana, to protest the rigid segregation and unequal policies under which they and all African American airmen were forced to serve. Termed a mutiny by the white commanders at the base, the incident was one of several racial conflicts during the next four years that helped convince senior officers in the newly independent Air Force that segregation was an inefficient personnel policy. Documenting the racial integration of the Air Force from the end of World War II to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Alan L. Gropman contends that the service desegregated itself not for moral or political reasons but to improve military effectiveness. He draws on a range of unpublished records to show that, while proceeding smoothly, Air Force integration initially did little to ensure fair promotion practices or to protect African Americans from off-post discrimination, especially in housing, entertainment, and education. Gropman also outlines the political motivations of President Truman's 1948 Executive Order 9981 for equal opportunity in the military and reviews controversial Kennedy administration initiatives that attempted to place the military at the forefront of civil rights reform. First published in 1977, the book now includes a new preface charting the policy changes that have dramatically increased the numbers of black officers and senior supervisors in the Air Force during the past two decades. Detailing the uneven progress of a major shift in military policy, The Air Force Integrates also illuminates the often pragmatic motivations of those who bring about fundamental social change.
Author : Alan L. Gropman
Release : 2014
Genre :
Kind : eBook
Book Rating : /5 ( reviews)
Book Synopsis Air Force Integrates, 1945-1964 by : Alan L. Gropman
Download or read book Air Force Integrates, 1945-1964 written by Alan L. Gropman. This book was released on 2014. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Office of Air Force History
Release : 2015-01-27
Genre : History
Kind : eBook
Book Rating : 161/5 ( reviews)
Book Synopsis The Air Force Integrates 1945-1964 by : Office of Air Force History
Download or read book The Air Force Integrates 1945-1964 written by Office of Air Force History. This book was released on 2015-01-27. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the struggle to desegregate the post-World War II U.S. Army Air Forces and its successor, the U.S. Air Force, and the remarkable advances made during the next two decades to end racial segregation and move towards equality of treatment of Negro airmen. The author, Lt. Col. Alan L. Gropman, a former Instructor of History at the U.S. Air Force Academy, received his doctorate degree from Tufts University. His dissertation served as the basis for this volume. In it, the author describes the fight to end segregation within the Air Force following President Harry S. Truman's issuance of an executive order directing the integration of the armed forces. Despite resistance to this order, fueled by heated segregationist opposition, integration moved ahead somewhat slowly under the administration of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Progress increased during the administration of President John F. Kennedy, which saw major advances toward achieving equality for Negro servicemen. Colonel Gropman's study is a detailed, comprehensive, and, in many respects, a documentary account. The crucial events it describes more than justify the unusually extended treatment they receive. The volume thus provides a permanent record of this turbulent period in race relations and constitutes a significant contribution to the history of the Air Force.
