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Magmatic Rifting and Active Volcanism

2016-09-06 Science
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Release : 2016-09-06
Genre : Science
Kind : eBook
Book Rating : 295/5 ( reviews)

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Book Synopsis Magmatic Rifting and Active Volcanism by : T.J. Wright

Download or read book Magmatic Rifting and Active Volcanism written by T.J. Wright. This book was released on 2016-09-06. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A major rifting episode began in the Afar region of northern Ethiopia in September 2005. Over a ten-day period, c. 2.5 km3 of magma were intruded along a 60 km-long dyke separating the Arabian and Nubian plates. Over the next five years, a further 13 dyke intrusions caused continued extension, eruptions and seismicity. This activity led to a renewed international focus on the role of magmatism in rifting, with major international collaborative projects working in Afar and Ethiopia to study the ongoing activity and to place it in a broader context. This book brings together articles that explore the role of magmatism in rifting, from the initiation of continental break-up through to full seafloor spreading. We also explore the hazards related to rifting and the associated volcanism. This work has implications for our understanding of how continents break-up and the associated distribution of resources in rift basins and continental margins.

Extreme Natural Hazards, Disaster Risks and Societal Implications

2014-04-17 Nature
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Release : 2014-04-17
Genre : Nature
Kind : eBook
Book Rating : 861/5 ( reviews)

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Book Synopsis Extreme Natural Hazards, Disaster Risks and Societal Implications by : Alik Ismail-Zadeh

Download or read book Extreme Natural Hazards, Disaster Risks and Societal Implications written by Alik Ismail-Zadeh. This book was released on 2014-04-17. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A unique interdisciplinary approach to disaster risk research, including global hazards and case-studies, for researchers, graduate students and professionals.

Volcanism in Antarctica: 200 Million Years of Subduction, Rifting and Continental Break-up

2021-06-09 Science
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Release : 2021-06-09
Genre : Science
Kind : eBook
Book Rating : 36X/5 ( reviews)

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Book Synopsis Volcanism in Antarctica: 200 Million Years of Subduction, Rifting and Continental Break-up by : J.L. Smellie

Download or read book Volcanism in Antarctica: 200 Million Years of Subduction, Rifting and Continental Break-up written by J.L. Smellie. This book was released on 2021-06-09. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This memoir is the first to review all of Antarctica’s volcanism between 200 million years ago and the Present. The region is still volcanically active. The volume is an amalgamation of in-depth syntheses, which are presented within distinctly different tectonic settings. Each is described in terms of (1) the volcanology and eruptive palaeoenvironments; (2) petrology and origin of magma; and (3) active volcanism, including tephrochronology. Important volcanic episodes include: astonishingly voluminous mafic and felsic volcanic deposits associated with the Jurassic break-up of Gondwana; the construction and progressive demise of a major Jurassic to Present continental arc, including back-arc alkaline basalts and volcanism in a young ensialic marginal basin; Miocene to Pleistocene mafic volcanism associated with post-subduction slab-window formation; numerous Neogene alkaline volcanoes, including the massive Erebus volcano and its persistent phonolitic lava lake, that are widely distributed within and adjacent to one of the world’s major zones of lithospheric extension (the West Antarctic Rift System); and very young ultrapotassic volcanism erupted subglacially and forming a world-wide type example (Gaussberg).

Natural and Human-Induced Hazards and Disasters in Africa

2019-02-25 Social Science
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Release : 2019-02-25
Genre : Social Science
Kind : eBook
Book Rating : 944/5 ( reviews)

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Book Synopsis Natural and Human-Induced Hazards and Disasters in Africa by : Simelane, Thokozani

Download or read book Natural and Human-Induced Hazards and Disasters in Africa written by Simelane, Thokozani. This book was released on 2019-02-25. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural and human-induced environmental hazards are becoming increasingly prominent. The frequency of recorded natural disasters rose markedly during the last century, from about 100 per in the years up to 1940 to nearly 2800 during the 1990s. Africa is the only continent whose share of reported disasters has increased over the past decade. Several factors contribute to Africa’s high vulnerability to disasters. These include the high rate of population growth, food insecurity, high levels of poverty, inappropriate use of natural resources, and failures of policy and institutional frameworks. Despite the huge negative impact of natural and human-induced hazards on Africa’s development, little is done to prevent them. Disaster prevention contributes to lasting improvement in safety and sustainable livelihoods and is essential as part of integrated disaster management strategies. The provision of effective scientific input to policy formulation on various issues related to hazards and disasters is an ambitious undertaking. It requires the collaborative effort of the African scientific community to develop comprehensive long-term strategies and human capacity-building initiatives that will enable science to benefit society. This will further require: a) Building strong research and training institutions in Africa at national and regional levels; b) Facilitating the exchange of scientific information and sharing of ideas across borders; c) Strengthening the link between scientific research and policy making; d) Promoting outreach activities to build resilience to disaster risk; and e) Tapping the knowledge base of rural and urban communities. In this volume, the ICSU ROA has brought together selected African scientific researchers to share their views on policy direction for facing challenges linked to natural and human-induced hazards. The book is intended for policy advisers, environmental scientists, government officials and members of the general public with a special interest in environmental issues.

Gombe Group and Pliocene Shield Volcanism in Turkana

2022 Electronic dissertations
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Release : 2022
Genre : Electronic dissertations
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Book Synopsis Gombe Group and Pliocene Shield Volcanism in Turkana by : Sahira M. Cancel Vazquez

Download or read book Gombe Group and Pliocene Shield Volcanism in Turkana written by Sahira M. Cancel Vazquez. This book was released on 2022. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The magma-rich East African Rift System (EARS) is a modern rift zone that provides an opportunity to constrain the existing relationship between magmatism and strain in continental rifts. Within the EARS, the broadly rifted Turkana Depression has been identified as an important locus of strain. This study focused on the magmatic events in the Turkana Depression that began in the Pliocene (ca. 4 Ma) as part of a pulse of basaltic activity known as the Stratoid Phase - the last pulse of basaltic magmatism before strain was accommodated in the axial region of the Turkana Basin. This basaltic pulse began with the eruption of the widespread Gombe Stratoid Series and is followed by less voluminous basaltic activity in the form of shield volcanoes emplaced on top of the Gombe lava flows. We find that the Gombe Stratoid Series is representative of a high flux event with a complex magma plumbing system that was produced by large degrees of decompression melting of the upper mantle during a broad stretching event in Turkana. In contrast, the waning of magma flux resulted in the development of shield volcanoes subsequent to the eruption of the Gombe Stratoid Series. The timing of magmatic activity of some of the shield volcanoes suggests that there was a migration of magmatism towards Lake Turkana. Unlike the Gombe Stratoid Series lavas, we find that shield-volcano lavas require a component derived from metasomatized enriched lithospheric mantle. The contribution of this enriched component is more pronounced towards the east, coincident with a younging of magmatism in this direction. We suggest that the presence of easily fusible material in the continental lithospheric mantle in the vicinity of the Lake Turkana Basin may result in the generation of localized lithospheric melt following the broad plate stretching event that yielded the Gombe Stratoid Series. Lithospheric melts will promote the focusing of formerly broadly distributed plate stretching into a more localized region where plate melting may have occurred. We suggest that melting of enriched lithospheric mantle may account for the modern localization of strain and migration of magmatism and rifting towards the currently active volcanic centers in Lake Turkana Basin.

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