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Essays on Careers in U.S. Labor Markets

2008
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Release : 2008
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Book Synopsis Essays on Careers in U.S. Labor Markets by : Lisa Blau Kahn

Download or read book Essays on Careers in U.S. Labor Markets written by Lisa Blau Kahn. This book was released on 2008. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis consists of three essays in which I seek to understand how internal firm practices affect long-term outcomes for workers. In each essay, I exploit variation in external labor market conditions to help identify changes inside the firm. In the first chapter, I explore whether employer learning about worker quality is asymmetric. Do incumbent employers learn faster about their workers than does the outside market? I develop a methodology to measure the extent to which employers learn by relating the pay change distribution to various features of ability distributions. I exploit three distinct external labor market factors to generate differences in ability distributions, including the reason why workers left the previous job, economic conditions when entering a job, and occupational differences. I find that asymmetric learning is prevalent in the labor market with effects on wage-change distributions that are significant, both statistically and in terms of economic magnitudes.

Essays on Changing Nature of Work and Organizations

2018
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Release : 2018
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Book Synopsis Essays on Changing Nature of Work and Organizations by : Hye Jin Rho

Download or read book Essays on Changing Nature of Work and Organizations written by Hye Jin Rho. This book was released on 2018. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation examines how the changing nature of work and organizations has altered the U.S. labor market to influence employment outcomes for job seekers (1) in alternative work arrangements and (2) of different genders. The first essay describes recent developments in the labor market for nonstandard workers, that is, an increase in the variety of pathways through which nonstandard workers are assigned to work. I suggest that changes in the regulatory environment, the rhetoric around competition, and technological developments have shaped inter-organizational relationships and norms in the industry to bring about a very different system of labor markets than was traditionally understood. I contend that such a multifaceted employment model with a diverse set of exchanges among multiple actors has profound implications for the future of IR research. The second essay examines the "multi-layered labor contracting" structure in which the recruitment of nonstandard workers is outsourced to an intermediating organization, who then selects workers from a group of competing suppliers. Drawing on power-dependence theories, I examine the link between these new contractual relationships and economic outcomes for lead firms and workers. Using proprietary data from employment records of nonstandard workers in Fortune 500 firms, I find that an additional contracting layer between lead firms and workers is associated with higher returns to firms and lower returns to workers. The loss from an additional contracting layer is reduced when workers gain bargaining power through pre-existing relationships with the firm. The third essay addresses how interactional processes between employers and job seekers at an initial recruitment phase online influence gender sorting of job seekers. We use unique data from a field study and (Study 1) a field experiment (Study 2) of online job postings to test two distinct interactional mechanisms: gendered language (as experienced by job seekers) and in-group preferences (as exercised by job seekers). We mostly find support for our predictions that, compared to male job seekers, female job seekers are more likely to show interest in and apply to a job when the job is described using more stereotypically feminine words or by female recruiters.

Labor Market Behavior of Sciences and Engineering Doctorates: Three Essays

2008
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Release : 2008
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Book Synopsis Labor Market Behavior of Sciences and Engineering Doctorates: Three Essays by :

Download or read book Labor Market Behavior of Sciences and Engineering Doctorates: Three Essays written by . This book was released on 2008. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this dissertation I study the labor market behavior of sciences and engineering (S & E) doctorates trained and employed in the US. The first essay is an empirical study of task-to-task transitions based on the Survey of Doctorate Recipients (1973-2001). It first assesses the relevance of the careers of doctorates to S & E in general, and research and development (R & D) in particular. Second, it evaluates the participation rates and mobility patterns of doctorates in careers of different types using a transition model with independent competing risks. The second essay extends the empirical framework described above and specifies a dynamic model of occupational choices with symmetric learning about one of the task- specific abilities and dependence on past performance to explain the empirical career patterns described in the first essay. The predictions of the model are used to evaluate the effects of two counterfactual experiments on the supply of research skill. The third essay studies geographic choices for first employment of doctorates using the Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED) 1957-2005. Decisions of Americans, Canadians, and third country nationals to stay in the US after their PhD versus moving to Canada are compared. Individual characteristics and differences in political and economic conditions and career opportunities in the US versus Canada are evaluated to explain the observed differences in the choice of location.

Essays on Labor Markets

2017
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Release : 2017
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Book Synopsis Essays on Labor Markets by : Andreas Gulyas

Download or read book Essays on Labor Markets written by Andreas Gulyas. This book was released on 2017. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: My dissertation contributes towards our understanding of the determinants of wage inequality and to the causes of the emergence of jobless recoveries. It consists of two chapters. The first, "Identifying Labor Market Sorting with Firm Dynamics" studies the determinants of wage inequality, which requires understanding how workers and firms match. I propose a novel strategy to identify the complementarities in production between unobserved worker and firm attributes, based on the idea that positive (negative) sorting implies that firms upgrade (downgrade) their workforce quality when they grow in size. I use German matched employer-employee data to estimate a search and matching model with worker-firm complementarities, job-to-job transitions, and firm dynamics. The relationship between changes in workforce quality and firm growth rates in the data informs the strength of complementarities in the model. Thus, this strategy bypasses the lack of identification inherent to environments with constant firm types. I find evidence of negative sorting and a significant dampening effect of worker-firm complementarities on wage inequality. Worker and firm heterogeneity, differential bargaining positions, and sorting contribute 71\%, 20\%, 32\% and -23\% to wage dispersion, respectively. Reallocating workers across firms to the first-best allocation without mismatch yields an output gain of less than one percent.\\ My second chapter, "Does the Cyclicality of Employment Depend on Trends in the Participation Rate?" studies the fact that the past three recessions were characterized by sluggish recovery of the employment to population ratio. The reasons behind these "jobless recoveries" are not well understood. Contrary to other post-WWII recessions, these "jobless recoveries" occurred during times with downward trending labor force participation rate(LFPR). I extend the directed search setup of Menzio et al. (2012) with a labor force participation decision to study whether trends in LFPR cause jobless recessions. I then show that that recoveries during times of declining LFPR look very different to recoveries during positive LFPR trend. The basic intuition is as follows: During downward trending LFPR, many low productivity workers cling on to their jobs, but once separated, it does not pay off for them to pay the search cost to re-enter the market. If the recession happens during increasing trend LFPR, then the employment recovery is helped by persons entering the labor market. Thus, I highlight that contrary to the usual approach in the literature, it is important to explicitly account for the trend of the LFPR.

The Changing U.s. Labor Market

2019-07-09 Political Science
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Release : 2019-07-09
Genre : Political Science
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Book Synopsis The Changing U.s. Labor Market by : Eli Ginzberg

Download or read book The Changing U.s. Labor Market written by Eli Ginzberg. This book was released on 2019-07-09. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the aspects of the changing U.S. labor market, including the role that the export of advanced business services from the United States plays in the increasing globalization of the world's economy and the reemergence of national employment policy.

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