Enrichment of Live Prey with Microparticles for the Enhanced Delivery of Water-soluble Nutrients to Marine Fish Larvae

2015 Marine fishes

Author : Matt Hawkyard
Release : 2015
Genre : Marine fishes
Kind : eBook
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Book Synopsis Enrichment of Live Prey with Microparticles for the Enhanced Delivery of Water-soluble Nutrients to Marine Fish Larvae by : Matt Hawkyard

Download or read book Enrichment of Live Prey with Microparticles for the Enhanced Delivery of Water-soluble Nutrients to Marine Fish Larvae written by Matt Hawkyard. This book was released on 2015. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the wild, marine fish larvae feed on copepods and other planktonic organisms. Copepods are often considered the "gold standard" for meeting the nutritional needs of cultured marine fish larvae; however, in captivity, marine fish larvae are generally fed cultured live prey, i.e. rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) and/or Artemia sp., until they can be weaned onto artificial diets, which typically coincides with the end of the larval phase. Concentrations of certain water-soluble nutrients in rotifers and Artemia, notably taurine, may not be sufficient to meet the nutritional demands of some species of marine fish larvae. The delivery of low-molecular weight, water-soluble substances to aquatic organisms is challenging because these substances are rapidly lost from food particles when suspended in water, referred to as nutrient leaching. One solution to this problem is to encapsulate water-soluble substances within synthetic microparticles that are specifically designed to reduce nutrient leaching. Alternatively, water-soluble substances may be dissolved in the culture water of these organisms facilitating nutrient absorption or ingestion via drinking, hereafter referred to as the "dissolved method" of nutrient enrichment. In Chapter 2, I provide an overview of enrichment methods for cultured live prey and put particular emphasis on the enrichment of water-soluble compounds. In Chapters 3, 4 and 5, my co-authors and I evaluated the use of synthetic microparticles, liposomes and wax spray beads, for increasing the water-soluble nutrient concentrations (enrichment) of rotifers and Artemia with the intent to increase their nutritional quality for marine fish larvae. Furthermore, we compared microparticulate enrichment with dissolved methods whereby the nutrients were dissolved in the culture medium. Microparticle-enriched live prey were evaluated by: 1) using fluorescent techniques to investigate the ingestion and digestion of microparticles by live prey and 2) determining the growth performance of two species of marine fish larvae, northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra) and California yellowtail (CYT: Seriola lalandi) in response to different enrichment methods for the water-soluble nutrient, taurine. Taurine was used as a model nutrient because taurine concentrations are low in cultured live prey, especially when compared to copepods, and because its was believed to be a growth-limiting nutrient for marine fish larvae. Taurine concentrations in rotifers and Artemia enriched with taurine-containing microparticles could be increased to levels reported in copepods. In Chapters 3 and 4, we found that northern rock sole larvae grew significantly larger, were more developed and had higher whole body taurine concentrations when fed rotifers enriched with taurine-containing microparticles when compared to control treatments. In Chapter 5, we found that CYT larvae fed taurine enriched rotifers showed increased growth (final dry weights) and had higher whole body taurine concentrations when compared to larvae fed unenriched rotifers but these differences were not apparent in the subsequent Artemia phase, suggesting that unenriched Artemia had sufficient taurine concentrations to allow compensatory growth of CYT. Differences and similarities are discussed between the efficacy of liposomes and wax spray beads for rotifer enrichment and subsequent nutritional effects on fish larvae. Ultimately, this research provides the first evidence of positive growth effects of liposome- and wax spray bead-enriched live prey on marine fish larvae as a result of enhanced delivery of water-soluble nutrients. The outcomes of these findings suggest that microparticles may be used as a research tool to assess the water-soluble nutrient deficiencies of cultured live prey for marine fish larvae. Furthermore, with further development, these methods may have application for commercial hatcheries and could result in improved production efficiencies and cost savings for these operations

Success Factors for Fish Larval Production

2018-01-09 Technology & Engineering

Author : Luis Conceicao
Release : 2018-01-09
Genre : Technology & Engineering
Kind : eBook
Book Rating : 14X/5 ( reviews)

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Book Synopsis Success Factors for Fish Larval Production by : Luis Conceicao

Download or read book Success Factors for Fish Larval Production written by Luis Conceicao. This book was released on 2018-01-09. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive and authoritative synthesis on the successful production of fish larvae Success Factors for Fish Larval Production is a vital resource that includes the most current understanding of larval biology, in the context of larval production. The text covers topics such as how external (environmental and nutritional) and internal (molecular/ developmental/ physiological/ behavioral/ genetic) factors interact in defining the phenotype and quality of fish larvae and juveniles. The expert contributors review broodstock genetics and husbandry, water quality, larval nutrition and feeding, growth physiology, health, metamorphosis, underlying molecular mechanisms, including epigenetics, for development, larval behavior and environmental conditions. Compiled by members of a European Union-funded consortium of top researchers, Success Factors for Fish Larval Production provides a wide-range of authoritative information for the aquaculture industry and academia. In addition to a wealth of information, the authors review research and commercially applicable larval quality indicators and predictors. The successful production of good-quality fish larvae is of vital importance for fish farming and stock enhancement of wild fisheries: Includes contributions from a consortium of noted researchers and experts in the field Deals with on how to improve egg quality and larval production via broodstock management and nutrition Suggests ways to control the phenotype of juveniles and table-size fish via manipulations of the conditions of larval rearing (e.g., epigenetics) Includes ideas for optimizing diet composition, formulation, and technology Integrates knowledge and practical experience in order to help advancing excellence in aquaculture Success Factors for Fish Larval Production offers fish biologists, developmental biologists, physiologists and zoologists the most current and reliable information on the topic. All those working in fish aquaculture facilities and hatcheries in particular will find great interest to their commercial operations within this book.

The Use of Wax Spray Beads (WSB) for Iodine Enrichment of Artemia Sp for Use as a Live Food for Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Larvae

2010 Artemia

Author : Donald Matthew Hawkyard
Release : 2010
Genre : Artemia
Kind : eBook
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Book Synopsis The Use of Wax Spray Beads (WSB) for Iodine Enrichment of Artemia Sp for Use as a Live Food for Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Larvae by : Donald Matthew Hawkyard

Download or read book The Use of Wax Spray Beads (WSB) for Iodine Enrichment of Artemia Sp for Use as a Live Food for Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Larvae written by Donald Matthew Hawkyard. This book was released on 2010. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dietary iodine may play an important role in the nutritional health of freshwater fish larvae. Artemia, commonly used for the culture of larval zebrafish (Danio rerio), contain low concentrations of iodine when compared with wild zooplankton. Water-soluble micronutrients, such as iodine, are difficult to deliver to Artemia due to rapid diffusion from microparticles. Several methods have been developed to deliver water-soluble nutrients to live prey and are reviewed in this thesis. Wax spray beads (WSB) have been shown to retain greater than 50% of water- soluble micronutrients after 1h suspension in seawater. In addition, WSB have been used to bioencapsulate oxytetracycline (OTC; a water-soluble antibiotic) within Artemia but have not been previously used for the enrichment of micronutrients. It is currently unknown whether iodine, in the form of potassium iodide (KI), encapsulated within WSB is available to fish larvae and, if so, whether increased dietary iodine has a nutritional effect on larval zebrafish. Inert markers can been used to estimate ingestion and retention rates of diets by target organisms or to estimate feed preferences of organisms fed on multiple diets. In our study, yttrium (III) oxide (Y2O3) was used as an inert marker of WSB to provide detailed information about enrichment processes. The objectives of this study were to: 1) evaluate the use of wax spray beads containing potassium iodide (KI WSB) and wax spray beads containing KI and Y2O3 (KI+Y WSB) for enrichment of Artemia with iodine; 2) evaluate the use of Y2O3 as an inert marker in feeding experiments with Artemia fed on WSB; 3) determine if zebrafish larvae were able to uptake iodine from KI WSB-enriched Artemia; 4) investigate the effects of KI WSB-enriched Artemia on the growth, survival and thyroid status of larval zebrafish; 5) determine if Artemia were a potential source of exogenous thyroid hormones (TH) for larval fish; and 6) determine if KI WSB had an effect on bacterial concentrations associated with Artemia. We found that Artemia enriched with KI+Y WSB had higher levels of iodine than Artemia enriched with potassium iodide (KI) delivered in aqueous solution. WSB concentrations and the time of enrichment had significant effects on iodine and yttrium concentrations in Artemia. Enrichment with KI+Y WSB resulted in iodine absorption into Artemia tissues suggesting that a portion of the enriched iodine would be available to predators. Our results indicate that Y2O3 was an effective inert marker of WSB and was highly useful when interpreting data from enrichment trials. Zebrafish fed Artemia enriched with KI WSB showed a ten-fold increase in total iodine levels and increased survival when compared with larvae fed unenriched Artemia. Thirty-eight day post fertilization zebrafish larvae fed iodine-enriched Artemia had lower epithelium to colloid (v:v) ratios when compared to those fed unenriched Artemia. Artemia metanauplii were found to contain significant levels of deiodinase and thyroid hormones. KI WSB had no effect on the levels of marine bacteria associated with Artemia. The results of this study indicated that iodine contained in KI WSB enriched Artemia was available to larval fish. It is also apparent that early stage zebrafish benefitted from increased levels of dietary iodine. In addition, Artemia may provide larval fish with significant levels of exogenous thyroid hormones and deiodinase.

Development of Microparticulate Feeds and Methods to Improve Acceptability of Artificial Diets by Blue Spotted Goby Larvae (Asterropteryx Semipunctata)

2006 Gobiidae

Download Development of Microparticulate Feeds and Methods to Improve Acceptability of Artificial Diets by Blue Spotted Goby Larvae (Asterropteryx Semipunctata) PDF Online Free

Author : Brendan W. Clack
Release : 2006
Genre : Gobiidae
Kind : eBook
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Book Synopsis Development of Microparticulate Feeds and Methods to Improve Acceptability of Artificial Diets by Blue Spotted Goby Larvae (Asterropteryx Semipunctata) by : Brendan W. Clack

Download or read book Development of Microparticulate Feeds and Methods to Improve Acceptability of Artificial Diets by Blue Spotted Goby Larvae (Asterropteryx Semipunctata) written by Brendan W. Clack. This book was released on 2006. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An acceptable microparticulate diet for marine fish larvae may be defined as an artificial diet that contains, retains, and delivers the required nutrients to support survival and growth. Factors affecting ingestion rate of prey items by fish larvae include environmental factors such as light intensity, prey/background contrast, possible chemical cues, and co-feeding with live foods. The efficient addition of FAA (free amino acids) in microparticles, at concentrations similar to those found in live foods may reduce or eliminate the need for exogenous proteases and FAA from live feeds. Complex particles (CP), when coupled with optimization of environmental parameters, may result in ingestion of artificial diets at rates sufficient to support high survival and growth rates. Lipid spray beads (LSB) have shown promise in their ability to deliver low molecular weight water-soluble (LMWS) nutrients to marine fish larvae. Furthermore, ingestion and digestion of zein-bound complex particles (CP), with incorporated LSB, by fish larvae have been reported. Here we describe improvements in LSB technology as well as feeding conditions for the effective delivery of FAA to blue spotted goby larvae (Asterropteryx semipunctata). The FAA glycine was used as a model LMWS nutrient due to its high solubility in water. LSB performance was found to be optimized with an aqueous core concentration of 400 g l-1 glycine and was shown to have significantly higher DE over a 60 min period in aqueous suspension compared to that of beads with lower core glycine concentrations (two-way ANOVA; p0.0001). Evaluation of core to lipid ratios (v/v) showed that retention and delivery efficiencies of LSB containing cores of 400 g glycine l-l at a core to lipid ratio of 1:2 v/v were greater than those of LSB with other core to lipid ratios. The use of optimized LSB in zein-bound CP resulted in an encapsulation efficiency of 4% w/w glycine for the CP, which was within the range of FAA concentrations reported for rotifers, Artemia and copepods. Blue spotted goby larvae showed peak feeding incidence at a light intensity of 5.44 æE s-1 m-2 when fed on CP against a black background. Higher or lower light intensities and a white background, were shown to independently reduce feeding incidence. In a 5 day feeding trial, larvae fed CP containing LSB with core material consisting of casein, hydrolyzed casein, or a mix of FAA (based on the average of the amino acids found in casein and hydrolyzed casein) showed 6, 8, and 6% survival respectively, which was significantly lower than 37% survival for larvae fed the marine phytoplankton, Tahitian Isochrysis galbana and Rhodomonas sp. (p0.05). At 0% survival, the starved control had significantly lower survival than that of all other treatments (p

Larval Fish Nutrition

2011-02-25 Technology & Engineering

Author : G. Joan Holt
Release : 2011-02-25
Genre : Technology & Engineering
Kind : eBook
Book Rating : 843/5 ( reviews)

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Book Synopsis Larval Fish Nutrition by : G. Joan Holt

Download or read book Larval Fish Nutrition written by G. Joan Holt. This book was released on 2011-02-25. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nutrition is particularly important in the healthy development of fish during their early-life stages. Understanding the unique nutritional needs of larval fish can improve the efficiency and quality of fish reared in a culture setting. Larval Fish Nutrition comprehensively explores the nutritional requirements, developmental physiology, and feeding and weaning strategies that will allow aquaculture researchers and professionals to develop and implement improved culture practices. Larval Fish Nutrition is logically divided into three sections. The first section looks at the role of specific nutrient requirements in the healthy digestive development of fish. The second section looks at the impacts if nutritional physiology on fish through several early-life stages. The final section looks at feeding behaviors and the benefits and drawbacks to both live feed and microparticulate diets in developing fish. Written by a team of leading global researchers, Larval Fish Nutrition will be an indispensible resource for aquaculture researchers, professionals, and advanced students. Key Features: Reviews the latest research on larval fish nutritional requirements, developmental physiology, and feeding and weaning strategies Extensively covers nutritional needs of various early-life stages in fish development Weighs the benefits and drawbacks to both live feeds and microparticulate diets Written by a global team of experts in fish nutrition and physiology

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