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Astrocytic-neuronal-astrocytic Pathway Selection for Formation and Degradation of Glutamate/GABA

2014-04-30 Astrocytes
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Release : 2014-04-30
Genre : Astrocytes
Kind : eBook
Book Rating : 431/5 ( reviews)

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Book Synopsis Astrocytic-neuronal-astrocytic Pathway Selection for Formation and Degradation of Glutamate/GABA by : Leif Hertz

Download or read book Astrocytic-neuronal-astrocytic Pathway Selection for Formation and Degradation of Glutamate/GABA written by Leif Hertz. This book was released on 2014-04-30. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Endocrinological research early recognized the importance of intercellular interactions and realized the importance of glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling. In turn this signalling depends on elaborate interactions between astrocytes and neurons, without which neurons would be unable to produce, reuse and metabolize transmitter glutamate and GABA. Details of these subjects are described in this Research Topic by key investigators in this field. It focuses on the intricate and extremely swift pathway producing these amino acid transmitters from glucose in brain but also discusses difficulties in determining expression of some of the necessary genes in astrocytes and related processes in pancreatic islets. However, it does not discuss how closely associated astrocytes and neurons are anatomically, enabling these interactions. This is elegantly shown in this cover image, kindly provided by Professor Andreas Reichenbach (University of Leipzig, Germany).

The Glutamate/GABA-Glutamine Cycle

2016-11-25 Medical
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Release : 2016-11-25
Genre : Medical
Kind : eBook
Book Rating : 964/5 ( reviews)

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Book Synopsis The Glutamate/GABA-Glutamine Cycle by : Arne Schousboe

Download or read book The Glutamate/GABA-Glutamine Cycle written by Arne Schousboe. This book was released on 2016-11-25. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fundamental biochemical studies of basic brain metabolism focusing on the neuroactive amino acids glutamate and GABA combined with the seminal observation that one of the key enzymes, glutamine synthetase is localized in astroglial cells but not in neurons resulted in the formulation of the term “The Glutamate-Glutamine Cycle.” In this cycle glutamate released from neurons is taken up by surrounding astrocytes, amidated by the action of glutamine synthetase to glutamine which can be transferred back to the neurons. The conversion of glutamate to glutamine is like a stealth technology, hiding the glutamate molecule which would be highly toxic to neurons due to its excitotoxic action. This series of reactions require the concerted and precise interaction of a number of enzymes and plasma membrane transporters, and this volume provides in-depth descriptions of these processes. Obviously such a series of complicated reactions may well be prone to malfunction and therefore neurological diseases are likely to be associated with such malfunction of the enzymes and transporters involved in the cycle. These aspects are also discussed in several chapters of the book. A number of leading experts in neuroscience including intermediary metabolism, enzymology and transporter physiology have contributed to this book which provides comprehensive discussions of these different aspects of the functional importance of the glutamate-glutamine cycle coupling homeostasis of glutamatergic, excitatory neurotransmission to basic aspects of brain energy metabolism. This book will be of particular importance for students as well as professionals interested in these fundamental processes involved in brain function and dysfunction.

Brain Energy Metabolism

2014-09-16 Medical
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Release : 2014-09-16
Genre : Medical
Kind : eBook
Book Rating : 588/5 ( reviews)

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Book Synopsis Brain Energy Metabolism by : Johannes Hirrlinger

Download or read book Brain Energy Metabolism written by Johannes Hirrlinger. This book was released on 2014-09-16. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brain Energy Metabolism addresses its challenging subject by presenting diverse technologies allowing for the investigation of brain energy metabolism on different levels of complexity. Model systems are discussed, starting from the reductionist approach like primary cell cultures which allow assessing of the properties and functions of a single brain cell type with many different types of analysis, however, at the expense of neglecting the interaction between cell types in the brain. On the other end, analysis in animals and humans in vivo is discussed, maintaining the full complexity of the tissue and the organism but making high demands on the methods of analysis. Written for the popular Neuromethods series, chapters include the kind of detailed description and key implementation advice that aims to support reproducible results in the lab. Meticulous and authoritative, Brain Energy Metabolism provides an ideal guide for researchers interested in brain energy metabolism with the hope of stimulating more research in this exciting and very important field.

Astrocytes in (Patho)Physiology of the Nervous System

2008-12-11 Medical
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Release : 2008-12-11
Genre : Medical
Kind : eBook
Book Rating : 921/5 ( reviews)

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Book Synopsis Astrocytes in (Patho)Physiology of the Nervous System by : Vladimir Parpura

Download or read book Astrocytes in (Patho)Physiology of the Nervous System written by Vladimir Parpura. This book was released on 2008-12-11. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Astrocytes were the original neuroglia that Ramón y Cajal visualized in 1913 using a gold sublimate stain. This stain targeted intermediate filaments that we now know consist mainly of glial fibrillary acidic protein, a protein used today as an astrocytic marker. Cajal described the morphological diversity of these cells with some ast- cytes surrounding neurons, while the others are intimately associated with vasculature. We start the book by discussing the heterogeneity of astrocytes using contemporary tools and by calling into question the assumption by classical neuroscience that neurons and glia are derived from distinct pools of progenitor cells. Astrocytes have long been neglected as active participants in intercellular communication and information processing in the central nervous system, in part due to their lack of electrical excitability. The follow up chapters review the “nuts and bolts” of ast- cytic physiology; astrocytes possess a diverse assortment of ion channels, neu- transmitter receptors, and transport mechanisms that enable the astrocytes to respond to many of the same signals that act on neurons. Since astrocytes can detect chemical transmitters that are released from neurons and can release their own extracellular signals there is an increasing awareness that they play physiological roles in regulating neuronal activity and synaptic transmission. In addition to these physiological roles, it is becoming increasingly recognized that astrocytes play critical roles during pathophysiological states of the nervous system; these states include gliomas, Alexander disease, and epilepsy to mention a few.

Handbook of Neurochemistry

1982 Neurochemistry
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Release : 1982
Genre : Neurochemistry
Kind : eBook
Book Rating : /5 ( reviews)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Neurochemistry by : Abel Lajtha

Download or read book Handbook of Neurochemistry written by Abel Lajtha. This book was released on 1982. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

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